Farmers gather to mark the first anniversary of the farmers' protests against the central government's agricultural reform laws at the Delhi-Haryana state border in Singhu on November 26, 2021 in India.

India has formally repealed three contentious farm laws that sparked more than a year of protests, nearly two weeks after Prime Minister Narendra Modi was pushed into a rare policy reversal that saw the legislation withdrawn.
The country's President Ram Nath Kovind signed a bill repealing the laws late Wednesday, after it was passed by the lower and upper houses of Parliament earlier this week.
Modi's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) had insisted the reforms would modernize India's agricultural system. However, farmers said it could leave them open to exploitation and ruin their livelihood.

Previously, farmers had to sell their goods at auction, where they received at least the government agreed minimum support price (MSP) for some of their crops. The new laws aimed to loosen the rules around the sale and pricing of farm products that protected farmers from an unregulated free market.

For more than one year, farmers camped on the outskirts of India's capital to protest against the laws, arguing market forces would push prices even lower, and smaller farmers would find it hard to negotiate favorable deals with corporate giants.
The protests remain ongoing as farmers say they have a list of other demands that have not been met, including being legally entitled to a minimum support price for their entire crop, and more government support.
In India, farming is a political issue and the protests posed a rare challenge to the BJP.
Seven Indian states will hold elections early next year to determine whether the BJP will retain power. Modi's ruling party currently governs six of the seven states, including predominantly agricultural Uttar Pradesh.
Farmers are the biggest voting bloc in the country -- the agricultural sector sustains about 58% of India's 1.3 billion citizens. Angering the group could see Modi lose a sizable number of votes.
In an address to the nation on November 19, Modi said he would repeal the laws.
"Today I have come to tell you, the whole country, that we have decided to withdraw all three agricultural laws," Modi said, acknowledging the importance of farmers and the challenges they have faced.