Colombians head to the polls on May 29 to pick a new president in one of the most turbulent times in its modern history.

Six candidates are vying for the presidency in a country plagued by the economic fallout of the Covid-19 pandemic, social unrest and a deteriorating security situation.

On Sunday, a 39-million strong electorate will be eligible to cast their ballots in the first round of voting. If none of the candidates win by an absolute majority, it will go to a runoff vote, slated for June 19.

Here's what you need to know about Colombia's election.

The last election was 4 years ago. Why is there another so soon?

Colombian presidents are only elected for a single, four-year term. And Colombians are ready for change: Right-wing President Iván Duque's approval rating is at a low, with his tenure marred by his administration's handling of police conduct, inequality, and clashes between organized criminal groups.
That discontent has placed the left in sight of the presidency for the first time in the country's history. Meanwhile, more conservative candidates are rallying voters to trust a more gradual series of reforms to correct Colombia's course.

Who is running?
While there are 6 candidates on the ballot, just three candidates are expected to break through with voters, according to the latest polls.
Front-runner Gustavo Petro is a former guerrilla fighter and mayor of Bogota, whose 2022 bid marks his third presidential campaign. The 62-year-old left-wing candidate is running on a platform that proposes a radical overhaul of the country's economy to combat one of the highest inequality rates in the world. The former guerrilla fighter, who today preaches reconciliation and an end to violence, has framed his campaign around whether Colombia is ready to elect a revolutionary. He's campaigned on attracting foreign investment in clean energy, new technologies, transportation and telecommunications.

Gustavo Petro speaks at an election debate in Bogota on Monday.
Petro is expected to go head-to-head with right-wing candidate Federico "Fico" Gutierrez, 47, the former mayor of Medellin. Gutierrez is running on a message of continuity, saying Colombia needs to follow the same path of economic growth and pro-business policies as it has done over the past twenty years.
Meanwhile, 77-year-old entrepreneur Rodolfo Hernandez, the former mayor of Bucaramanga -- Colombia's 7th largest city, has surged in popularity over the last few weeks, attracting centrist voters who reject Petro's revolutionary calls and Gutierrez's traditionalism. Hernandez's unique social-media campaign has drawn comparisons to that of former US President Donald Trump and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro. The self-proclaimed "King of TikTok" has adopted a confrontational stance with traditional media: He did not appear in several of the televised debates organized by Colombia's main broadcasters, and rarely gave interviews to foreign outlets -- although he did appear on CNN, wearing his pajamas, saying that he was a "man of the people."

Rodolfo Hernandez greets supporters at the Palonegro International Airport in Bucaramanga, Colombia on May 21.

The first Black VP?
Petro's running mate, vice-presidential candidate Francia Marquez, has sent shockwaves through Colombia's political scene. The 40-year-old Black feminist and single-mother garnered the third-most votes in March's primary elections, with her charismatic rallies attracting supporters across the country. If elected, she would become the first Afro-Colombian to hold executive powers.
Colombians of African descent, the second largest community of its kind in South America, have long been marginalized in politics and in society. Marquez's candidacy has given millions of Afro-Colombians a chance to identify themselves with a national politician -- and hope for societal change in their country.

Francia Marquez is seen at a vice-presidential campaign event in Bogota on March 22.
During a recent speech in Bogota, she quoted Martin Luther King saying she also had "the dream to see my country at peace."
Compared to Petro, who has been in politics for 20 years, Marquez is part of a new wave of progressive leftists in Latin America who are prioritizing issues like the environment. In 2018, she won the Goldman Environmental Prize for successfully organizing a women's group to stop illegal gold mining on their ancestral land. She's also an advocate for LGBTQ rights, gender issues, and economic equality.
The economy, security and drugs
Colombia has been among the fastest growing countries in Latin America in recent years, but that growth is not trickling down to working families and poorer populations.
Petro is relying on voters disillusioned by the country's economic outlook and who have suffered the most in the last four years, as wages stagnated under Duque's watch.
As a whole, the country is richer than it was since Duque came to power in 2018, however the value of the average worker's annual salary has dropped significantly as the Colombian peso has plunged 40% in value against the dollar since. That situation is only exacerbated by rising inflation and the war in Ukraine.

Gutierrez points instead to past growth, saying that rather than an overhaul, Colombia's economy needs targeted reforms to proceed on the same path of development. While Hernandez is also trying to exploit some voters' discontent with the traditional political system, his approach on the economy -- with a focus on corruption -- is more moderate than Petro's.

A shopper buys produce at the Silvia Market in Cauca, Colombia, this month. Colombian inflation accelerated to its fastest pace since July 2000 in April.
On neighboring Venezuela, Petro has said he plans to re-establish diplomatic relations, even with strongman Nicolás Maduro in power. Meanwhile, Gutierrez last week told CNN he's willing to reopen commercial relationships at the Venezuelan border, but is reluctant to recognize what he calls "a dictatorship that has caused so much damage to the people."
The election is also being held as the country's security situation is deteriorating.
Earlier this month, the notorious "Clan del Golfo" drug cartel imposed an "armed curfew" in retaliation to the US' extradition of Diaro Usuga "Otoniel," one of its bosses, with six people killed and over 180 vehicles attacked across the country's Caribbean coast.
And during the first three months of this year alone, nearly 50,000 Colombians were forcibly confined as a result of ongoing clashes between armed groups, according to the United Nations.

A Colombian soldier stands guard near the port city of Buenaventura, Colombia, this month.
The violence is tied to the country's narcotics production and trafficking, with Colombia's cocaine production having significantly increased in recent years. The pandemic has coincided with an uptick of criminal activity, with several groups exerting de-facto control over swathes of Colombian territory including the Arauca, Cauca and Catatumbo regions.
How to restore state control over those areas -- and fight back the cartels -- is a key conversation in this election, and will prove a formidable challenge for the next president.
Petro has proposed to tackle the problem by legalizing cannabis and partially de-criminalizing the consumption of cocaine and other drugs. He has said that he favors engaging with criminal groups through peace agreements akin to the 2016 peace deal with the now-demobilized Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) that brought to an end to over half a century of guerrilla conflict between the state and communist rebels. Petro has been the target of criticism for his promises of "land democratization" and "social forgiveness" to convicted criminals, including those charged for corruption.
In contrast, Gutierrez supports a more traditional approach in the fight against crime. As the mayor of Medellin, he was nicknamed "the Sheriff" for his participation in police raids against gangsters and has taken that ethos with him today, promising to create a new special police units targeting robberies and murders at national level, and the construction of more jails.
While all candidates are presenting their plans for the future, how Colombia mends the wounds of its past will be just as present on the ballot.